Acts 27 & 28

Today we read the last bit of Acts and we will have completed our journey through this book, which began last May.  Because the reading is again long, I’ll combine a summary of the scripture with the sermon.

These two ending chapters cover Paul’s journey as a prisoner from Caesarea to Rome.  He’s under the charge of the soldier Julius, who treats him like royalty in this story rather than like a common prisoner.  The journey is full of Mediterranean place names which aren’t familiar to us, but we recognize the Island of Crete where they arrive as winter is setting in and sailing becomes difficult.  Paul suggests (Why would a prisoner have any say about the ship captain’s plans?) that they winter in Fair Haven but it’s decided to move further west on the Island to Phoenix, which is a better harbor for winter. 

On the way to Phoenix a huge storm comes up and blows them toward the coast of North Africa.  In order to save the ship they throw the cargo overboard and then the ship’s tackle.  When they’ve been 14 days at sea without food (no cargo) Paul tells them to prepare a meal with what they have left and celebrate that they are about to be saved.  Soldiers in charge of prisoners (there must have been several) suggest that they be killed so they don’t escape, but Julius convinces them otherwise and so Paul lives.  Some of the sailors try to escape on the lifeboat but Paul tells Julius to stop them and he cuts the lifeboat free before it can be used.  Finally, they shipwreck on the island of Malta, where they are welcomed warmly by the inhabitants, who are called barbarians because they don’t speak Greek.  They build a bonfire on the beach to warm the people coming wet from the sea.  Paul adds wood to the fire and is bitten by a snake hiding in the brush.  Rather than dying, he shows no signs of poisoning.  The people decide he’s a god and give him special treatment.

Eventually spring comes, they hire another ship and arrive in Rome, where Paul is under house arrest and seems able to meet with the leaders of the Jewish synagogue.  Some Jews in Rome accept his teaching about Jesus being the Messiah and some don’t – just like in all the other towns he’s visited.  It’s interesting that although we have a long letter of Paul to the church in Rome, Acts doesn’t mention that church or show Paul relating to them the way he did to churches in other towns.  We learn that Paul lived in Rome for two years.  Although tradition tells us that he died there, Acts doesn’t mention his trial or death.

Some things to note from these final chapters…

The sea voyage that brings Paul to Rome is reminiscent of his other voyages and patterned again after the great sea voyages of Greek mythology.  They reinforce the idea that Paul is an epic hero, coming in triumph to Rome, even though he comes in chains.  Rome is the heart of the Empire and with Paul the good news about Jesus comes into the very center of power there.  Paul as a great hero is able to do miraculous things – survive a snake bite, rescue a whole ship of people from a storm, heal several folks along the way.  Again we see that Paul has the same powers that Jesus had and so his message is truly from Jesus.

The entire book of Acts has served the purpose of its second century author – show that Paul’s mission to the Gentiles was with the approval of the original apostles in Jerusalem, prove that the Jews were offered the message about Jesus and rejected it, and show that even the Gentile believers were closely connected to “true” Judaism as practiced by Jesus and Paul.  While Paul is the hero of more than half this tale, his teachings are much less important (and not outlined in much detail) than his presence.  Our author is in the thick of the second century church figuring out what it means to be a follower of Jesus among the many options that had developed over time.  He’s staking his ground and standing firmly on it.  His view prevails in the history of the church.  But there is not a single way to be a follower of Jesus and we can celebrate diversity and each find our own way within it.

I want to spend some time with the idea that winds through this tale that God intends for Paul to spread the message of Jesus and come eventually to Rome, and so through every difficulty God opens a way for Paul to succeed.  In today’s reading, all the people on the ship are saved from shipwreck because they are with Paul and he must be saved to continue his journey.  Our author shows Paul living his life under God’s direction and confident that everything is going to work out in the way God planned.

Over the centuries, that line of thinking has led some to believe that God has planned each individual life and that for any one of us, all that happens during our lifetime is the direct choice of God’s plan for us.  That can be comforting, giving us confidence that all is well no matter how hard life seems in the moment.  It can also lead to thinking that seems quite abusive to me.  I’ve had parents tell me that the death of a child is a good thing because it’s God’s will.  We’ve heard preachers say that the devastation of New Orleans by Hurricane Katrina was God’s will as judgment on the lifestyle of people who lived there.  If we follow this line, everything bad is supposedly really good and we can’t do anything about correcting it.  It seems dangerous for me to say, “Not everything that happens in our lives is the direct result of a choice God makes.”  But I want to indeed say that and invite you to see if that fits with your experience.  I’m convinced that people have more freedom to make their own choices and also more responsibility for how life unfolds for themselves and others. 

 At the same time, I absolutely believe that God is present in our lives as a powerful, positive energy of love and connection.  When we face hard times and find strength to keep going, we tap into that love energy.  When we face decisions about what we will do, where we will go, how we will live, whom we will live with – we can choose whether or not to align those decisions with the values we identify as God-like.  In that way it’s true that we can be guided by God as our life unfolds.  I know that at times I’ve felt like God was in the events of my life – when I was hired in one place and not another, when I was raising children alone and worrying about how that would turn out, when I was learning new things or trying new skills on for size.  But I no longer understand that to be a distant and distinct God manipulating my life to go according to a pre-conceived plan.  Rather I’ve come to believe that when we align ourselves with what is good and kind and even holy, then the events of our lives can be seen through the lens of that world view.  I don’t get the job I want, but I get another that is rewarding.  My father doesn’t accept cancer treatments which would prolong his life, but he has a peaceful death and I still feel a connection to him that’s bigger than life. 

Maybe this boils down to two things we might consider – how we look at our own lives, seeing what’s good in spite of what’s hard, and how we take responsibility for the common life that we are creating on this earth.  The first is about finding inner peace and acceptance for what is, even when we’re planning for what’s next.  It’s about giving and receiving support when life is hard. 

The second is about working to change our culture to be better for everyone.  It’s not, I’d suggest, God’s will that some people are hungry or homeless or without education or denied access to advancement because of their color or language or religion.  That’s the responsibility of a system of inequality and it may well be our responsibility to change it.

If God is love, and I believe God certainly is love, then we live in God and with God when we know that we are loved and when we create a society that’s loving toward others – all others.  We’re not passively waiting for God to move our life in a direction of God’s choice.  We’re actively creating a life – our own and our common life – that reflects the presence of God as love in all we do.  I see that as a correction to a way of thinking too long endorsed by the church.  We can’t use God as an excuse.  Life happens – sometimes beyond our control.  But we can choose our response to life and we can choose how we structure our community to be inclusive and just.

So we have read Acts, heard some wonderful stories, learned how one author understood his moment in the scope of Christian history.  Our job isn’t to shape our church or our own lives in the mold of his time, but to consider carefully how we feel called to live and move in our time.  Where is God moving among us?  What will that mean for us today and in the future?

Paul's arrest and trial in Jerusalem

A summary of Acts 21-26

Paul is making his farewell journey through all the churches he’s been associated with between Corinth and Jerusalem, surrounding the northeast Mediterranean.  He meets with and encourages the leaders and ensures that they have the Jesus message down in the way he interprets it. 

It’s clear that no one expects to see Paul again, but unclear whether that’s because our author is foreshadowing his arrest and execution or because Paul himself hopes to go from Jerusalem to Rome and then on to Spain to preach about Jesus.

Everyone he meets encourages him not to go to Jerusalem, but he insists.  So when he arrives in Jerusalem, he meets with James and the leaders of the church, who welcome him and the collection from various churches he’s brought to help the poor folks in Jerusalem.  Paul tells them of his great success converting people to the way of Jesus and they respond by telling of great success in converting Jews to Jesus.  They warn Paul that this religious revival among Jews has led to greater adherence to the Torah and consequently the Jerusalem community of Jesus people has concern about Paul telling Gentiles they don’t have to follow the law or be circumcised.  The leaders insist that they still agree Paul’s method is right, but that there might be trouble.  In order to show Paul’s commitment to Judaism, they suggest that he join a small group who are making a religious vow and pay their expenses as a sign of good faith, which Paul does.

In completing this vow, Paul goes to the Temple, where some Jews from Ephesus recognize him and incite a riot against him because of his teachings.  The Roman military gets involved and rescues Paul.  On his way to safety in the Roman barracks, he asks for permission to address the crowd and tells the story of his conversion from a pious Jew to a follower of Jesus – but still a Jew.  The crowd wants nothing of it and the captain of the guard takes him into safe-keeping.

The next day the captain takes him to the Jewish Council for examination, trying to figure out what the problem is and what crime Paul is accused of.  Paul’s defense includes setting the Pharisees and Sadducees against each other, starting another riot, so that the captain takes him back into Roman custody to protect him.

The Jews in Jerusalem plan to ask for Paul to appear again before the council so that they can murder him when he’s out of Roman custody.  Paul’s nephew overhears them plotting and tells Paul and then the captain of the plan.  The captain sends Paul right away overnight to Caesarea to the custody of Felix, the governor of the region.  Felix puts Paul under house arrest in posh quarters. 

The Chief Priest sends a smooth-talking lawyer to Felix to accuse Paul of crimes of disturbing the peace and causing riots because of his association with Nazarenes – the followers of Jesus.  Paul claims his innocence and Felix (who is a sympathizer of the Jesus movement) keeps him in house arrest and over the next two years Felix and his wife Drusilla often listen to Paul talk about Jesus.

After two years Festus replaces Felix as regional governor in Caesarea.  When he’s making the rounds to visit major cities in his area, he goes to Rome, where the Council again stirs up trouble about Paul, asking that he be sent to trial in Jerusalem.  But Paul insists on being tried by Romans and appeals to Caesar.

Soon after that King Agrippa and wife Bernice visit Festus to welcome him to his new post.  Festus consults with Agrippa about what to do with Paul and Agrippa has Paul tell his story.  Paul again tells of his conversion from persecutor of Jesus folks to chief spokesperson to the Gentiles on Jesus’ behalf.  Agrippa is moved by Paul’s tale and sympathetic to his cause.  He declares that it’s too bad Paul has appealed to Caesar because Agrippa would have set him free.  But since he’s made the appeal, he’ll be sent to Rome.

Here are a few things to notice about this story
as we near the end of our journey through Acts:

The people who accused Paul and started the riot in the Temple were from Ephesus.  For this and a number of other detailed reasons, some scholars believe that the author of Acts was from Ephesus.  We know from Paul’s letters that there was a debate among the Jesus followers in that city about differences in teaching represented by Paul and by John.  This author clearly favors Paul’s version of the message and may be writing Acts as an apology for Paul’s teachings over those of other teachers.  Because of the way ancient writings have been preserved, it’s Paul’s theology that most heavily influences Christianity today.  That’s not to say that Paul is always right or that what is says is wrong, but it’s good for us to notice that there isn’t one right way to be a follower of Jesus.

Paul was a Pharisee who believed in the resurrection of the dead.  The Pharisees and the Sadducees were two branches of Judaism in the first century.  The Sadducees didn’t believe in resurrection, life after death, the appearance of angels, or any religious believes that bordered on the supernatural.  When Paul appears before the council, he sets these two factions fighting as a way to take the heat off himself.  As a Pharisee and believer in resurrection, Paul has to have influenced the early church to put central focus on the resurrection and eternal life.  We see that in the letters he wrote and in the way his message is phrased in Acts.  Not every part of early Christianity has that same emphasis.  Again, this isn’t to say that one is right and another wrong, but only that it’s possible to focus on the meaning of Jesus in a variety of ways.

Finally, during one of the times Paul is imprisoned in this story he has a vision of God telling him that everything is going to be alright and that this trouble he’s having with the Jews is eventually going to get him on his way to Rome to preach about Jesus.  Paul uses the fact that he’s a Roman citizen, by birth and not by bribery, to throw his case into Roman court.  This offers him protection from the Jewish council and prevents him from being whipped or otherwise tortured because of his rights as a citizen.  It also means that when Agrippa would have set him free, he can’t because Paul has appealed to Rome.  So that tactic worked both for and against Paul, if we’re to presume that he was eventually executed in Rome.  There’s a wonderful story about how the events in life can be both bad and good, depending on how we see them.  We should put that on our list to consider in future sermons.  For now, suffice it to say that there’s no point in second guessing decisions we make or wondering how our lives might have been different if we’d made different choices.  Paul tells us that the outcome is all in God’s hands, and we too can leave it there.

— Gretchen Graf